The Influence of Sociocultural Factors and Risky Sexual Behaviour on the Transmission of HIV in the Bolgatanga Municipality of the Upper East Region, Ghana.

Abstract

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remains a significant public health challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa, including Ghana, which has one of the highest rates in West Africa. However, research specifically on HIV prevalence among heterosexual males in Ghana is limited. This study investigated the prevalence, risk factors, and sociocultural determinants of HIV transmission among heterosexual males aged 18-64 in Bolgatanga Municipal, Upper East Region, Ghana. This cross-sectional study recruited 480 participants from five communities through multistage sampling, employing structured questionnaires and blood tests to assess HIV status. Data analysis using STATA 14 identified key predictors of HIV risk through multiple regression, setting statistical significance at p<0.05 with a 95% confidence interval. The study found an HIV prevalence rate of 3.7% (95% CI: 2.00–5.50) among the participants, notably higher than the national average of 1.6%. Significant risk factors included having multiple sexual partners, engaging in transactional sex, and sexual activities under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Cultural factors, such as the social acceptance of multiple sexual partners as a symbol of masculinity and family influences on sexual behaviour, were also associated with increased HIV risk. Additionally, widow inheritance practices, age, marital status, and educational attainment were identified as significant independent predictors of HIV infection among the participants. The findings highlight the need for targeted interventions in HIV prevention that address both behavioural and cultural factors. Interventions should consider the influences of masculinity norms, community expectations, and education levels on sexual health choices. This study’s results emphasise the critical role of culturally sensitive health education and policies to reduce HIV transmission among at-risk populations in Ghana's Bolgatanga Municipality.