Assessing the Roles Women play in the Delivery of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Services in Ghana.

Abstract

This study explored the key role of women in providing water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services in Ghana's two major cities, Kumasi and Accra. Primary data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire using a descriptive, cross-sectional research design alongside a quantitative approach. The findings revealed significant gender imbalances within WASH institutions at various management levels. Women in the WASH sector primarily focused on environmental health duties (73.6 %), while a smaller percentage held technical positions (5.9 %). Sociocultural factors, including gender stereotypes, contribute to this underrepresentation. Women held only 11.9 % of top-level management positions, while they represent 36.5 % of middle management, 44.8 % of lower management, and 6.7 % of support staff roles.Maternity leave (75.6 %) emerges as a considerable incentive for women working in the sector. In contrast, inadequate transportation allowances (32.6 %), long working hours (9.1 %), stressful work conditions (16.5 %), and low salaries (22.3 %) present significant disincentives. Despite these challenges, a majority (68.4 %) of women expressed a strong commitment to remaining in the sector, driven by their passion for improving WASH services and saving lives. The study highlights the urgent need for greater gender equity and women's empowerment within the sector. Suggested strategies to attract more women included recognition and reward mechanisms, educational and awareness initiatives, sound policies, gender-sensitive approaches, advocacy for women in WASH, strategic recruitment, and the integration of gender considerations into all WASH projects. Proposed specific actions involve mentorship programs to facilitate women's advancement into top-level management, encouraging women to pursue technical education, enhancing salary structures, and addressing workplace stigmatisation. The study advocates for fair career progression plans and support for women in leadership roles while addressing biases through training and fostering better working conditions.