Occupational Health Hazards and Health Risks among Quarry Workers in the Gomoa East District, Ghana.

Abstract

Quarry workers deal with loud noise, constant vibration, and lots of dust, which can lead to auditory impairment, lung diseases, and muscle and joint pains. The study assessed occupational hazards and health risk among workers in selected quarry companies at Gomoa East District. An analytical survey purposively examined 102 consenting quarry workers, conveniently recruited at two quarry sites in Ghana. Socio-demographic and occupational health and safety practices (OHSP) data were collected using a structured questionnaire and sound level meter data logger and air quality monitor were used to determine noise levels and particulate matter (PM), respectively. Descriptive statistic and ANOVA analysis were performed using SPSS version 25. Also, sound levels and particulate matter concentrations were compared to the permissible limits prescribed by EPA, Ghana. All the quarry workers were male with 80.4% pre-tertiary education. Majority (81.4%) were involved in site preparation, drilling, blasting, transportation, and truck loading. Predominant health hazards included musculoskeletal injuries, falls, and blasting accidents. All participants used some PPE like helmets, earplugs, gloves, and wellington boots. Noise levels were higher at the crusher area than the security post but below Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s (OSHA) 85 dB limit. PM2.5 levels at both quarry sites ranged from 16.56 to 43.37 µg/m³ at both working areas, higher than the World Health Organization’s (WHO) permissible limit. The average PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were 150 µg/m³ and 80 µg/m³, respectively, indicating significant health risks with Hazard Quotient values of 3 for PM10 and 3.2 for PM2.5. Although all participants reported using some form of PPE, a substantial proportion indicated minimal access. The noise level at the quarry sites exceeded the safe limit for prolonged exposure, indicating that workers were at risk of noise-induced hearing loss. The PM levels at the crusher areas exceeded WHO limits but were within Ghana's daily standards. Quarry companies should ensure the availability and accessibility of all necessary PPEs to their workers to minimize occupational hazards such as auditory damage, respiratory and cardiovascular issues.