RESEARCH ARTICLES

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A Micro-Level Empirical Analysis of Annual Household Food Budget Shares in Ghana
(Elsevier, 2024-02-05) Addai, Isaac
This study examines Ghana's annual household food expenditures and their Engel food curve using data from the 2017-2018 seventh round of the Ghana Living Standards Survey, which covered 14,009 household and lasted for one-year. Household demographics and specific variables influencing annual household food budget decisions in Ghana were examined, including income, household size, educational status of household head, household location, and household connectivity to electricity. The study establishes an inverse relationship between the share of the household food budget and the increase in household income, and a high annual household food expenditure elasticity with 0.49 pesewas out of every one cedi serving as an annual household marginal food budget share in Ghana, on average and ceteris paribus. The study provides additional statistical evidence that characterizes food as a necessity in Ghana and placed the country in the medium food insecurity zone. Economic development in Ghana means achieving food security at all times, which calls on the country to redouble its efforts to meet SDG Goal 2.
A theoretical model for Zika virus transmission
(PLoS ONE, 2017-10-04) Bonyah, Ebenezer; Khan, Muhammad Altaf; Okosun, K.O; Islam, Saeed
In this paper, we present and analyze an SEIR Zika epidemic model. Firstly, we investigate the model with constant controls. The steady states of the model is found to be locally and globally asymptotically stable. Thereafter, we incorporate time dependent controls into the model in order to investigate the optimal effects of bednets, treatments of infective and spray of insecticides on the disease spread. Furthermore, we used Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle to determine the necessary conditions for effective control of the disease. Also, the numerical results were presented
Accounting For Marginal Food Budget Share And The Engel’s Law Coefficient In Ghana: The Empirics From The Ghana Living Standards Survey Round Seven
(2021-02) Addai, Isaac
Using data from the Ghana Living Standards Survey seven, the paper established that the Engel’s Law is applicable to the economy of Ghana suggesting that a 10% rise in household expenditure reduces the share of the household budget allocated to food by 0.801 of one percentage point, on average, and that food is a necessity commodity in Ghana. The marginal food budget share is high at a 62 percent rate putting the economy of Ghana in the medium food insecurity category. Strenuous policy effort must be initiated to increase food production and supply in Ghana to make food not a necessity commodity anymore and move the Ghanaian economy away from the medium food insecurity category in the very near future.
AFETY ASSESSMENT OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION FOR RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS: A CASE STUDY IN SOME SELECTED BUILDINGS WITHIN SUAME ECG STRATEGIC BUSINESS UNIT.
(2023-07) MANTE BISMARK
The research seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of electrical installation safety systems installed in residential and commercial buildings within the Suame Strategic Business Unit of the Electricity Company of Ghana. Electrical installation practices of artisans in Suame ECG Strategic Business Unit (SBU) are assessed to evaluate the adherence of electrical installation works and safety standards including the practices of artisans. A test sheet was design to identify the potential issues in electrical installations and safety precautions. SPSS was utilised to determine the common electrical installation network within the SBU while FlashWorks and ETAP were employed to model the common electrical installations to assess the short circuit currents performance. The result highlighted electrical wiring practices and installation details encompassing protective devices, conductor details, contuinity, polarity, insulation resistance test and ground protection within the Suame ECG unit. concerns such as unlicensed installers, outdated wiring structures, preferred brands of circuit breakers (MCCBs), residual circuit current breakers (RCCBs), conductors, cable termination in distribution boards, earth electrode protection, and adherence to wiring color code standards. The findings showed variations in the ability of circuit breakers to manage short-circuit occurrences, emphasizing the need to select appropriate ratings of breakers based on their short-time current and thermal energy capacities. These further revealed that most residential and commercial buildings lack basic safety standards.
Aligning Ghana’s Apparel Industry with Global Best Practices: A Critical Assessment of Sourcing, Production, and Distribution Operations
(2025-05-29) Siaw Stella Daah; Howard Ebenezer Kofi; Asinyo Benjamin Kwablah; Appiah Ninette Afi
This study examines how Ghana’s apparel manufacturing sector aligns with international best practices in sourcing, production, and distribution. Recognizing the transformative potential of the industry within the context of policy frameworks like the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), the study explores the operational, technological, and sustainability dimensions that define competitiveness in the global apparel value chain. Using a quantitative descriptive design, data were collected from 317 industry professionals across major industrial hubs in Ghana. The findings indicate a moderate adoption of sustainable sourcing practices, including traceability and ethical procurement, though supplier development and compliance monitoring remain underdeveloped. Quality control and ethical labour standards are prioritized in production, yet gaps persist in automation, lean manufacturing, and technological integration. Distribution practices reflect a strong interest in timely delivery and sustainable packaging but reveal limited implementation of data-driven logistics, e-commerce, and advanced digital tools such as RFID and predictive analytics. The study identifies critical challenges ranging from infrastructural limitations and technological constraints to workforce skill gaps that hinder the sector’s complete alignment with global standards. Policy implications include the need for targeted support in automation, digital transformation, and vocational training, alongside stronger regulatory frameworks for sustainability and labour practices. While the sector shows promising alignment in certain areas, comprehensive adoption of best practices is essential for positioning Ghana as a competitive apparel hub. The study contributes to broader discussions on industrial upgrading in Sub-Saharan Africa and provides strategic insights for enhancing the global integration and sustainability of localized apparel manufacturing
An Empirical Analysis of Ashanti Region Annual Household Education Expenditure Using the Ghana Living Standards Survey Round Six Data
(Elsevier, 2024) Addai, Isaac
Using data from the 2013 Ghana Living Standards Survey Round Six (GLSS VI), this paper analyses regional variables affecting regional household spending on education using the Tobit model. The results showed that households in the Ashanti region increased their education spending on all the four types of the education categories namely; basic education, secondary education, post-secondary education, tertiary education with the basic education expenditure accounting for 53% of households' education spending. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first study on the Ashanti region of Ghana to analyse the determinants of private education spending using data from the 2013 Ghana Living Standards Survey. This paper was unable to identify several other important factors that determine household spending on education in the Ashanti region because the GLSS VI data were not configured to examine these variables. 53% of Ashanti's private household spending on education goes only to basic education, which is worrying because it undermines the Education for All initiative being promoted by UNESCO.
An Empirical Analysis of Gender Earnings Gap in the Ghanaian Informal Sector Using the 1998/1999 Ghana Living Standards Survey
(2011-07-30) Addai, Isaac
This study used the 1998/1999 Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS 4), a new nationally representative survey carried out by the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) and applied the Oaxaca (1973) decomposition to empirically analyse the phenomenon of gender gap in earnings in the informal sector labour market. The findings suggest the existence of discrimination in gender earnings in the Ghanaian informal sector labour market, and that females in the Ghanaian informal sector labour market are on average and ceteris paribus more skilful by 36%. However, males having sample average female characteristics earn on average and ceteris paribus 87% more in log monthly wages than their female counterparts.
Analysing household expenditure on education in Ghana: An update
(Elsevier, 2023) Addai, Isaac
The study analysed household-level data derived from the latest GLSS VII collected as part of a 2016-2017 national survey in Ghana and focused on examining households' annual expenditure on education. The driving force behind this study was the lack of an empirical analysis of household spending on education using this most recent data. The study results are that an increase in annual household income of 100 cedis per year increases actual household expenditure on education by about 26 cedis. Households in the Savannah Zones in Ghana show positive annual expenditure on education, while the Forest and Accra Zones show negative correlations with education expenditure. The positive education budgets of rural households have the potential to bridge an unequal society, as rural students' access to education leads to greater inequality in the production of specialized human capital in Ghana and this is a significant finding. And policy-makers in Ghana must take pragmatic steps to drastically reduce the 36 percent of households that do not spend on education as a public education policy measure to achieve SDG4.
Annual Household Budget Share in Formal Education Expenditure Using the Ghana Living Standards Survey Round Six Data: A Micro-Level Statistical Investigation
(Elsevier, 2024) Addai, Isaac
Using household-level data from the Ghana Living Standards Survey Round Six, this paper focused on examining factors that determine annual household expenditure on formal education in Ghana, using the annual share of household budget in total education expenditure as the dependent variable. The study established that households in Ghana spend an average of 5.6 percent of their annual income on basic education, and the estimated ordinary least squares (OLS) effect shows that rural households spend 6.7 percent less on education than urban households in Ghana. Policy wise, the central government of Ghana must take measures to ensure that household spending on basic education is reduced more and concerted efforts purposefully upgrading infrastructure and human resources in rural areas to a much level comparable to that in urban areas, and annual rural household education expenditure would also see a tangible increase, ceteris paribus, in Ghana.
Application of Machine Learning and Predictive Models in Healthcare – A Review
(MECS Press, 2024-06-08) Agbesi Benjamin Eli; Addo Prince Clement; Oliver Kufuor Boansi
The use of predictive analytics or models in healthcare has the potential to revolutionize patient care by identifying high-risk patients and intervening with targeted preventative measures to improve health outcomes. This makes the application of analytics in healthcare a concept of utmost interest, which has been explored in various fashions by several scholars. From predicting patients’ ailments to prescribing appropriate drugs, predictive models have seen massive interest. This work studied published works on predictive models in healthcare and observed that the implementation of predictive models in healthcare is experiencing a notable upswing, with a particular focus on research in the United States, where a majority of the top publications originated. Surprisingly, all of the leading nations in this sector have affiliations spanning many continents, with the exception of Africa and South America, together producing a substantially larger volume of research than other countries. The United States also shone out, accounting for 60% of the top five researchers. Notably, although it was published in 2017 (relatively later), Jiang et al. had the most citations (1,346). These studies' core themes were clinical standards, machine learning terminology, and model accuracy. The Journal of Biomedical Informatics topped among journals, with 54 articles, while Luo Gang emerged as the top-performing author, with 12 publications.
Application of portable near infrared spectroscopy for classifying and quantifying cocoa bean quality parameters
(2021-03-11) Elliot K. Anyidoho; Teye Ernest; Agbemafle Robert; Amuah Charles L. Y.; Boadu Vida Gyimah
Fermentation duration (FmD), fermentation index (FI), pH, and moisture content(Mc) are vital quality attributes of cocoa beans. In this study, portable near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and multivariate analyses were used for rapid determination of FmD, FI, pH, and Mc of cocoa beans. The samples were scanned in 900- to 1,700-nmwavelength, and the spectral data were pretreated independently with first deriva-tives (FD) and second derivatives (SD), multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), mean centering (MC), and standard normal variate (SNV), while linear discriminant analysis(LDA), support vector machine (SVM), and partial least squares regression (PLS-R)were used to build the prediction models for FmD, FI, pH, and Mc. MSC plus SVM gave an accurate classification of 100%. For predicting FI, pH, and Mc, the PLS-R model gave coefficient of correlation of 0.87, 0.82, and 0.89, respectively. The results showed that portable NIRS could be employed for cocoa bean examination. Novelty impact statement: Fermentation is the single most essential postharvest operation that influences cocoa beans quality parameters including moisture content ,fermentation index (FI) and pH. Unlike stationary laboratory based wet chemistry technique or table top NIR spectroscopy, this study revealed that the relatively inex-pensive portable NIR spectroscopy could provide very fast (within 30 s) results in the routine onsite evaluation of cocoa beans moisture content, fermentation index and pH on farmers field in Sub-Saharan Africa. In particular, the study outcome highlights the potential application of portable NIR spectroscopy based on machine learning for efficient classification of fermentation duration and quantification of moisture content & pH of cocoa beans in real-time usage.
Assessing Consumer Acceptability of Composite Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Bread
(2020-11-24) Sampson Gilbert Owiah
Cassava has gained attention as a potential industrial crop. The roots are processed into cassava flour for bakery and confectioneries. With the ever increasingly expensive level of wheat flour import for bread production in developing countries like Ghana, the need for other highly nutritious yet readily available and less expensive source of composite flour is important. The aim of the study was to investigate consumer acceptability of bread developed from cassava flour and wheat flour. A 4 × 3 factorial design was used to develop bread samples (A = 100% wheat flour, control, B = 10% cassava flour + 90% wheat flour, C = 20% cassava flour + 80% wheat flour and D = 30% cassava flour + 70% wheat flour). Sensory evaluation was performed on the bread samples using the 9-point hedonic scale to evaluate sensory attributes like colour, gumminess, mouth-feel, taste, flavour, and overall acceptability. The proximate compositions of the products were also evaluated using the A. O. A. C (2005) official methods. Statistically, there was significant difference among the protein and carbohydrate of all flour products developed. However, the energy content of products with 30% cassava flour replacement was significantly higher than other replicates. The control had the lowest moisture content of 17.5% with product 20% cassava flour replacement having the highest moisture content of 18.2%. In terms of overall acceptability 10% cassava flour replaced bread was rated like extremely ahead of the control sample which was rated as like very much. These results showed that the 10 and 20% wheat/cassava composite flour bread recipe could be a viable alternative to achieve the desired economic, food security and health.
Assessment of Farmer’s Usage of Pesticides on Cocoa Farms at Sefwi Wiawso District in the Western Region of Ghana
(2021) Boadu Vida Gyimah; Boadu Maxwell Osei
Cocoa is the most important agricultural export crop in Ghana, and the country has an enviable reputation of producing high quality cocoa. Pests of cocoa are mostly controlled by the application of conventional insecticides. The study investigated farmers’ knowledge, pesticide use pattern and practices along the cocoa production chain. Descriptive survey design was used for the study since the researchers wanted to find out farmers opinion on the use of pesticides at Sefwi Wiawso in the Western Region. Purposive sampling technique was used because it captures the area which was relevant to the study. Questionnaires were administered to 84 cocoa farmers. The findings of the study revealed that majority of the farmers had indepth knowledge and skills in all aspect of farming since cocoa farming is their main vocation. Cocoa farming is their main source of income, hence are not able to follow the recommended pesticide usage regulation before harvesting. Consequently, it could lead to higher pesticide residue levels of the cocoa beans. With regard to the recommendation, there should be a lot of training programme for the farmers which should be organized by Ghana Cocoa Board and CODAPEC programme should be restored to regulate the use of pesticide by farmers. This is to ensure that the pesticides residue levels in the country’s cocoa beans are within the permissible levels to avoid the rejection of beans from Ghana with its associated international sanctions and loss of substantial revenue
CHALLENGES FACING THE MARKETING OF FASHION PRODUCTS IN GHANA: CASE STUDY OF FASHION BUSINESSES IN HO MUNICIPALITY
(2018) Danso Daniel Kwabena; Nuworkpor Anita Afi; Kuwornu-Adjaottor Jonathan E. T.; Aboagyewaa-Ntir Josephine
The study assessed challenges facing the marketing of fashion products in the Ho Municipality of Ghana. A total sample size of two hundred (200) respondents was used in the conduct of this study. Quota sampling technique was adopted in the selection of staff and management of the selected fashion businesses. A total of 215 questionnaires were administered to respondents and 200 were received from them. The results indicated that there are several challenges facing the marketing of fashion products in Ho. These are lack of capital and credit facilities, high income tax, high utility bills and rent, lack of market, low and irregular income, competition of cheap imported clothes, lack of knowledge and skills in the use of clothing production techniques. It was found that challenges hindering the marketing of fashion products could be addressed through financial support, formal training, the ban of importation of fashion goods into the country and the regular conduct of fashion trade fairs. The study recommended that fashion enterprises should be supported by government and financial institutions in the prestart-up phase, the start-up phase and the growing phase in order to reduce the burden on them. Fashion firms should also be creative and innovative to survive the challenges facing the industry, particularly in terms of marketing, textile designs and fashion product designing. Fashion businesses should also embrace social media opportunities to promote their products. There is also the need for infrastructural developments that will help reduce production cost but improve quality.
characterization of Wood cellular structure of Plantation Grown Anogeissus leiocarpa and Eucalyptus camaldulensis in the savannah Ecological Zone, Ghana
(2024-12-28) Tampori, Enoch Gbapenuo; Bih, Francis Kofi; Appiah-Kubi, Emmanuel; Chakurah, Issah; Awotwe-Mensah, Michael; Donkoh, Mark Bright
The decreasing availability of economic hardwood timber species throughout tropical countries has necessitated the need to adopt plantation grown exotic timber species into the mainstream of raw materials in the furniture and wood manufacturing industries. However, published research on the material properties of most of these exotic timber species grown in the Savannah Ecological Zone of Ghana is limited. The wood properties of these species when known could result in their optimal utilization and broad acceptance in the wood industries as an alternative for the extinct tropical t imber species. This study determines the anatomical properties of plantation grown Anogeissus leiocarpa and Eucalyptus camaldulensis trees grown in the Savannah Ecological Zone of Ghana. Wood discs were obtained from three stem heights (butt, mid and top) from which cubes measuring 40 mm x 20 mm x 20 mm were produced for the microtome sections and macerated tissues, viewed under a microscope with Motic Image Plus software. Descriptions of wood anatomy followed IAWA's microscopic characteristics. It was observed that in the sapwood, there were more vessels than in heartwood, though the vessels were smaller in diameters, suggesting resistance to sap conduction which gives wood high aesthetic value and dimensional stability during drying. The species vessel diameter fell within the medium category and large vessels, demonstrating that wood will possess a greater mechanical strength since it will be denser, consequently possessing significant mechanical strength that can be compared favorably to other commercial timber species. This might be a major breakthrough in the production of quality and durable furniture as well as other wood products by using the exotic plantation grown timber species.
Combustion, Physical And Mechanical Characteristics Of Briquettes Produced From Coconut Residues By Three Companies In Ghana
(2024) TETTEH, Clara Lily Korkor; ANTWI, Kwaku; DONKOR, Mark Bright; ZAKARIA, Joseph
Converting biomass into a product that can be utilised efficiently for energy production is vital for its proper use. During briquetting, agricultural waste is turned into a product that is easily transportable, easy to handle, and easy to handle, as well as solid blocks that are more beneficial than raw biomass. Because of their makeup and natural differences, it is essential to be aware of the ideal techniques that must be adopted for more durable and lasting fuel from individual biomass compacted into briquettes. The physical, mechanical, and combustion characteristics of the bio-briquettes samples were examined in this study. The moisture content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, density, ash content, calorific value, and compressive strength were analysed with existing standards and compared with the values from the other studies. Results revealed that the briquettes samples have a mean value of moisture content (7.02 - 8.76%), volatile matter (46.11- 61:03%), fixed carbon (41.64 - 26.26%), briquette density (1.16 -1.33g/cm³) ash content (55 - 63.8%), calorific value (22.35 - 21.45MJ/kg) and compressive strength in cleft (0.43-1.25N/mm²)-suitable for domestic use, packaging, storage and transportation. This study has revealed that durable and quality briquettes can be achieved with better combustion, physical and mechanical properties can be produced with coconut husk and shell with cassava starch as a binder and can serve as another way of accessing energy and controlling waste.
Compliance with Global Best Practices by Garment Producers in Ghana
(2025-07-23) Siaw Stella Daah; Howard Ebenezer Kofi; Appiah Ninette Afi; Chichi Cynthia Akua; Asinyo Benjamin Kwablah
Purpose: This study investigates the level of compliance with global best practices among garment producers in Ghana, with a specific focus on sourcing compliance, production compliance, and distribution compliance. It covers aspects such as labour ethics, environmental stewardship, product quality, and adherence to international trade standards. Methodology/Design: A cross-sectional survey design was employed, using a structured questionnaire administered to 317 garment manufacturing firms across Accra, Tamale, and Kumasi. Compliance was assessed across sourcing, production, and distribution domains using Likert-scale items adapted from international benchmarks such as the International Labour Organisation (ILO) conventions, ISO certifications, and the Higgs Index. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse patterns and gaps in compliance practices, including mean scores and standard deviations. Findings :The study revealed moderate to low overall compliance, with mean scores. While firms exhibited higher compliance in ethical labour practices, employee training, and quality assurance, substantial deficiencies were identified in environmental sustainability, automation, data-driven quality control, and adherence to international trade regulations. Notably, blockchain use, recycling initiatives, and lean manufacturing practices were poorly rated, indicating limited digital and ecological transformation across the sector. Practical and Social Implications :These findings underscore the pressing need for policy reforms, capacity building, and infrastructure enhancements to facilitate Ghana’s integration into ethical and sustainable global garment value chains. For policymakers, the results underscore the importance of embedding compliance support within national industrial strategies. For garment producers, the study offers a roadmap for targeted investment in technology, sustainability, and workforce development .Originality :This study contributes original empirical evidence on compliance with global best practices in Ghana’s garment sector, a topic that remains underexplored in West Africa. It offers a model for examining compliance dynamics in other emerging economies. Beyond its academic value, the study is policy-relevant, providing insights to inform national industrial strategies, regulatory frameworks, and export support programs that aim to enhance sustainability and competitiveness
Compliance with Global Best Practices by Garment Producers in Ghana
(2025-07-23) Siaw Stella Daah; Howard Ebenezer Kofi; Appiah Ninette Afi; Chichi Cynthia Akua; Asinyo Benjamin Kwablah
Purpose :This study investigates the level of compliance with global best practices among garment producers in Ghana, with a specific focus on sourcing compliance, production compliance, and distribution compliance. It covers aspects such as labour ethics, environmental stewardship, product quality, and adherence to international trade standards. Methodology/Design: A cross-sectional survey design was employed, using a structured questionnaire administered to 317 garment manufacturing firms across Accra, Tamale, and Kumasi. Compliance was assessed across sourcing, production, and distribution domains using Likert-scale items adapted from international benchmarks such as the International Labour Organisation (ILO) conventions, ISO certifications, and the Higgs Index. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse patterns and gaps in compliance practices, including mean scores and standard deviations. Findings :The study revealed moderate to low overall compliance, with mean scores. While firms exhibited higher compliance in ethical labour practices, employee training, and quality assurance, substantial deficiencies were identified in environmental sustainability, automation, data-driven quality control, and adherence to international trade regulations. Notably, blockchain use, recycling initiatives, and lean manufacturing practices were poorly rated, indicating limited digital and ecological transformation across the sector. Practical and Social Implications :These findings underscore the pressing need for policy reforms, capacity building, and infrastructure enhancements to facilitate Ghana’s integration into ethical and sustainable global garment value chains. For policymakers, the results underscore the importance of embedding compliance support within national industrial strategies. For garment producers, the study offers a roadmap for targeted investment in technology, sustainability, and workforce development. Originality: This study contributes original empirical evidence on compliance with global best practices in Ghana’s garment sector, a topic that remains underexplored in West Africa. It offers a model for examining compliance dynamics in other emerging economies. Beyond its academic value, the study is policy-relevant, providing insights to inform national industrial strategies, regulatory frameworks, and export support programs that aim to enhance sustainability and competitiveness
Conceptions of Digital Libraries: An African Perspective
(Emerald Publishing, 2020) Owusu-Ansah, Christopher M.
Purpose The purpose of this paper was to explore African conceptions of digital libraries from the perspective of the historical literature. This paper argues that the concept of digital libraries is a western creation and that there was a need for developing societies to develop their own conceptions to guide their own digital library development agenda. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on a literature review. The paper makes use of publicly-available literature on the theme of digital libraries from both the Western and African perspectives. The search terms used were “digital libraries”, “Africa digital libraries”, “electronic libraries”, “information communication technologies/libraries” and “institutional repositories”. A total of 89 publications were examined for this purpose. Findings The analysis revealed that most of the initial digital library initiatives in Africa emanated from the west with African countries benefiting from international initiatives to expand access to information resources to bridge the global digital divide. However, due to a number of contextual challenges such as lack of sustainable funding and inadequate capacity and strategy, the development of digital libraries was hampered. Thus, even though digital libraries enjoy considerable goodwill, there remain negative conceptions of digital libraries in Africa. Practical implications Information institutions in African countries must evolve a unified conception of digital libraries as this would largely drive the direction of digital library development towards achieving the developmental goals of the continent. Originality/value The study applies the attributes of innovation to explain contextual factors shaping African conceptions of digital libraries.
Consumer Preference and Quality Expectation of Oyster Mushroom Black Hot Pepper Sauce “Shito”
(2022-12-30) Opoku Hannah; Adi Dedo Doreen; Fenteng Rita Adasi
This study was aimed at determining consumer preference and quality expectation of black hot pepper sauce “shito” in general as a basis for developing oyster mushroom black hot pepper sauce. A structured questionnaire was administered to 103 respondents in Takoradi Technical University, Takoradi, Ghana. Respondents preferred onion (4.94), oil (4.86), powdered pepper (4.50), mixed spices (4.51) ginger (4.50), salt (4.46), garlic (4.27) and tomato puree (3.99) as their ingredient to be used for their black hot pepper sauce. Respondents expected their sensory quality attributes of black hot pepper sauce to be after taste (4.18), tastiness (3.17), spiciness (3.11) and mouthfeel (2.93). Conclusively respondents are willing to patronize black hot pepper sauce “shito” produced from oyster mushroom (81%) and recommended that oyster mushroom black hot pepper sauce be produced in commercial quantities

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